The Center for Veterinary Medicine. Questions remained regarding the vaccine’s ability to protect against all of the FIV subtypes and strains to which cats might be exposed. The UC Davis VMTH drug room does not stock this vaccine. Vaccines may reduce clinical signs and virus shedding in dogs infected by CIV. The recent introduction of vaccines with reduced amounts of foreign protein has reduced this problem. We cannot accept submissions from a generic email address such as "DoNotReply@idexx.com". These guidelines and recommendations should not be construed as dictating an exclu-sive protocol, course of treatment, or procedure. A planned route for moving the animal from the transport vehicle to an isolation space. Always wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds immediately after cleaning up after your pet. The C. felis vaccine is therefore not stocked by the VMTH drug room. A planned route for moving the animal from the transport vehicle to an isolation space. Vaccination of dogs that have had previous reactions to Leptospira vaccines should be avoided if possible. Center for Companion Animal Health's shelter medicine website, http://www.avma.org/policies/vaccination.htm, http://www.aafponline.org/about/guidelines_vaccine.pdf, http://www.avma.org/communications/brochures/vaccination/vaccination_brochure_outside.pdf, http://www.avma.org/communications/brochures/vaccination/vaccination_brochure_inside.pdf, www.avma.org/communications/brochures/default.asp. CVM is an internationally recognized, high performance, public health organization committed to our mission of protecting human and animal health. We currently stock and suggest the use of the recombinant rabies vaccine, because there is some evidence that it is associated with a decreased risk of sarcoma formation (Srivastav et al, 2012). The feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) vaccine has been listed as ‘Not Generally Recommended’ by the AAFP. At this time, there is no evidence that animals play a significant role in spreading the virus that causes COVID-19. Edited by: Wendy Sprague, Editor-In-Chief, Fort Collins, CO, USA Managing Editor Laura Brashear . The Veterinary Medical Board (Board) developed the Disciplinary Guidelines outlined in this manual for its Executive Ofcer, staf, legal counsel, administrative law judges, and other persons involved in the Board's enforcement process to be used for the purpose of creating judgment orders in formal disciplinary actions. Until further supporting evidence is available from independent investigators that supports improved efficacy of the inactivated over the recombinant vaccine, the VMTH does not have a preference over whether inactivated or recombinant vaccines are used, but we currently stock the recombinant vaccine. We are still learning about this virus, and. Evidence-based support is cited wherever possible, but from time to time the panel of experts may have . The AAHA (American Animal Hospital Association) has produced behaviour management guidelines to help veterinary staff ensure that the basic behaviour needs of canine and feline patients are understood and met in practice (Hammerle et al., 2015 ), including pharmacological intervention. Although exposure to feline coronaviruses in cat populations is high, the incidence of FIP is very low, especially in single-cat households (where it is 1 in 5000). Elastomeric half facepiece respirators and reusable face shields and goggles must be doffed and decontaminated in a designated area. Until the advent of evidence-based guidelines and standardized training in human medicine, survival rates in people were similar to animals. If possible, a healthy friend or family member from outside their household should bring the animal to the veterinary clinic. In some jurisdictions, executive orders will directly influence what types of procedures may be performed. All rights reserved. Please see below for information and guidance on how to write and submit your paper. Found inside – Page 855Anesthesia Guidelines for Dogs and Cats . ... Available at http://petlasers.net/ veterinarian - laser - surgery - benefits.aspx Ackerman L. In - Clinic ... Recommendations for monitoring anesthetized veterinary patients ( online ) . These groups have evaluated the benefits versus risks of the vaccines currently available on the market. 8 to 12 h coagulation factor deficiencies, vWD, DIC, hypoproteinemia Frozen plasma 6 to 12 ml . Papers of the highest quality dealing with all aspects of disease prevention, pathology, treatment, epidemiology . This interim guidance is for veterinarians and their staff who may be treating or advising on companion animal medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Found inside – Page 492THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION GUIDELINES AND HISTORICAL METHODS The evolution of modern medicine has provided safer and more humane methods of euthanasia. There was no doubt many felt concern and disdain over earlier forms ... Currently, information regarding the efficacy of the canine rattlesnake vaccine is insufficient. Bordetella bronchiseptica is primarily a problem of very young kittens, where it can cause severe lower respiratory tract disease. See also: Interim Guidance for Businesses and Employers to Plan and Respond to COVID-19. Recommendations may change over time, as new information becomes available. Visit the Internal Medicine Service website Introduction The UC Davis veterinary hospital vaccination guidelines below have been based on published studies and recommendations made by task forces. Clinics should take precautions to minimize staff contact with all pet owners. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 in humans, is thought to be spread primarily through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking. Veterinary surgeons involved in the food supply chain, and; Official Veterinarians (OVs) working on official controls at the border; Those veterinary surgeons involved in the food supply chain are exempt under the following guideline, with the food supply being covered under 'goods': Training and practice using your clinic’s procedure is critical. In general, Leptospira vaccines have been associated with more severe postvaccinal reactions (acute anaphylaxis) than other vaccines. Communicating via telephone or video-chat to maintain social distancing. The RECOVER initiative's evidence-based guidelines were published in a special issue of the Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care in 2012; these guidelines can be downloaded for free at veccs.org. Throw out gloves and place waste material or litterbox waste in a sealed bag before throwing it away in a trashcan lined with a trash bag. 39(2):119-131 (also http://www.aahanet.org  via the AVMA Login  (green)). We are delighted to announce that the inaugural Clinical Consensus Guidelines featuring major topics of practical relevance to veterinarians in clinical practice have been reviewed following commentary posted on this website, and have now been published with open access in the journal Veterinary Dermatology.. WAVD would like to sincerely thank the committees and authors involved for their . It particularly concerns the centralised procedure, where the European Medicines Agency (EMA) plays a key role. Introduction This chapter represents a preliminary effort to provide guidelines for the medical management of great apes (orang-utan, gorilla, chimpanzee and bonobo) in European zoos. Risk factors for sarcomas should be discussed with cat owners at the time of examination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol.Epub ahead of print. If there is a problem with the submission, the OFA will reply to the sending email address to communicate the issue. 1659 0 obj <>stream Feline Herpesvirus 1, Feline Calicivirus and Feline Panleukopenia Virus Vaccines. Take a thorough history to assess for likely exposure or risk factors in the 2 weeks prior to symptom onset, such as whether the animal has been in contact with a person diagnosed with COVID-19, a person with COVID-19 compatible symptoms, or had recent exposure to a known high-risk environment, such as a nursing home. Found insideTo assist decision making , many veterinary organizations provide vaccination guidelines for both core and elective vaccines . Core vaccines are considered essential for all members of the population , regardless of lifestyle or where ... Vaccines for both infections are commercially available, including a combination H3N8/H3N2 vaccine. Veterinary Care Guidelines . States may have their own specific requirements for these circumstances. The core feline vaccines are those for feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV1), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV - kittens) and rabies. Although a rattlesnake vaccine may be potentially useful for dogs that frequently encounter rattlesnakes, currently we are unable to recommend this vaccine because of insufficient information regarding the efficacy of the vaccine in dogs. These guidelines describe the minimum standards for internship programs relative to educational program design, clinical experience and responsibilities, training environment and resources, health and Optional or non-core vaccines for cats consist of the vaccines for feline immunodeficiency virus, Chlamydia felis, and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Please check the CDC COVID-19 website periodically for updated information as well as interim guidance. Thus, there is clear evidence for minimizing frequency of vaccination in cats. Vaccination Guidelines for Dogs and Cats How we can help Call 530-752-1393 to schedule an appointment with the Internal Medicine Service. Practice Guidelines. ​The time frame before an individual should return to work after no fever without fever-reducing medication was changed from at least 72 hours to at least 24 hours. Check out our most recently updated resources helping practices stay at the forefront of veterinary medicine. Veterinary clinic isolation recommendations: Veterinary clinics or hospitals caring for ill, test-positive companion animals should have: A room where SARS-CoV-2-positive companion animals can be isolated from the rest of the patient population. Found inside – Page 435REFERENCES American Association of Human-Animal Bond Veterinarians. (2011) Hospice Care, www.aah-abv.org (accessed July 15, 2013). American Veterinary Medical Association (2008) Guidelines for Veterinary Hospice Care. Implement sick leave policies for veterinary clinic staff that are flexible, nonpunitive, and consistent with public health guidance, allowing employees to stay home if they have symptoms of respiratory infection. Walk dogs on a leash at least 6 feet away from others. J Small Anim Pract. This is a rapidly evolving situation. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. These vaccines are not currently stocked by our drug room or routinely used at the VMTH. It is indicated only for use in households/kennels/shelters where CDV is a recognized problem. Found inside – Page 184Weight management should be a cornerstone wellness program in every hospital and the veterinary technician the ... The guidelines are downloadable for free to veterinary hospitals.20 There are several specific recommendations that ... In general, guidelines for vaccination of cats have been strongly influenced by the appearance of vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats, and in particular their epidemiologic association with feline leukemia virus vaccines and killed rabies virus vaccines. Most infected dogs show no clinical signs, and the majority of dogs contracting Lyme disease respond to treatment with antimicrobials. The veterinary profession has the privilege and responsibility of caring for both animals and people. These guidelines were prepared by a Task Force of experts convened by the American Animal Hospital Association. Canine Distemper-Measles Combination Vaccine. If an animal test is presumptive positive, veterinarians should immediately contact their state public health veterinarian or state veterinarian regarding next steps, and the testing laboratory should contact USDA’s National Veterinary Services Laboratories for guidance on forwarding samples for confirmatory testing. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Before speaking to the client inside or outside the exam room, review the patient's record for overdue vaccines, unresolved follow-up recommendations, and a general history of recent conditions and notes. Veterinary Leadership Conference The Veterinary Leadership Conference draws veterinarians from across the U.S. for education sessions that help develop leaders for the veterinary profession. Before scheduled appointments or upon arrival, a staff person should ask if the pet has had any exposure to a person with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. If an ill pet owner must enter the clinic: Have the person wear a mask over his or her nose and mouth. 1.9 General anesthesia is a condition caused by the administration of a drug or a combination of drugs sufficient to produce a state of unconsciousness or dissociation and Disinfect bowls, toys, and other animal care items with an. Note the patient's name and use it often. The Board of Registration of Veterinary Medicine ("the Board") voted today to adopt the following Policy Guideline. Found inside – Page 40AVMA Guidelines on Veterinary Hospice Care. https://www.avma. org/KB/Policies/Pages/Guidelines-for-Veterinary-Hospice- Care.aspx Bacal R: Complete idiot's guide to dealing with difficult employees, Madison, 2000, CWL Publishing. Thus, the UC Davis VMTH does not routinely recommend vaccination against canine enteric coronavirus and the vaccine is not stocked by our drug room. 1.2 Responds to questions and concerns from the PR about any aspect of the examination. Keep cats indoors when possible and do not let them roam freely outside. We currently stock the intranasal vaccine containing both B. bronchiseptica and CPiV. 1,2 These . According to the manufacturer, to date, rare vaccinated dogs have died following a bite when there were substantial delays (12-24 hours) in seeking treatment. 6Aerosol-generating procedures, such as suction or bronchoscopy, should be avoided if possible on any animals that have been exposed to or are suspected of being infected with SARS-CoV-2. Official guidelines from the American Heartworm Society. 1PPE Standard Precautions should be applied in any setting where veterinary care is delivered and if exposure to exudates, feces, saliva, or other animal fluids is possible. For your convenience, guidelines are offered in both full and summary formats. Found insideMaybe you already know that you have a strong interest in veterinary medicine, but you don't know where to start. It's never too early to begin preparing. Below are a few guidelines to help you plan your coursework and get in touch with ... CVM is . Vaccination with these vaccines is generally less effective in protecting against disease than vaccination with the core vaccines. 7/1/2014 Guidelines for Veterinary Prescription Drugs https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Pages/Guidelines-for-Veterinary-Prescription-Drugs.aspx?PF=1 2/6 1998. For all vaccines given, the product, expiration date, lot number, route and location of injection must be documented in the record. If these items must be shared, they should be frequently disinfected. A previous history of vaccination reactions in an individual pet will also affect recommendations for vaccination. Follow CDC guidelines for cleaning and disinfecting areas the sick employee visited. Veterinarians should contact their state public health veterinarian pdf icon[PDF – 7 pages]external icon or state animal health officialexternal icon for guidance on testing animals for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The efficacy of this vaccine is controversial, and duration of immunity may be short, although the vaccine appears to be safe. The benefits of living with a pet are now well recognized. The UC Davis VMTH vaccination guidelines below have been based on published studies and recommendations made by task forces (including the AAFP/AFM Advisory Panel on Feline Vaccines, AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force, and World Small Animal Veterinary Association), which include representatives from academia, private practices, governmental regulatory bodies, and industry. In addition, the leptospirosis vaccine is now recommended as a core vaccine for dogs in California because the disease has the potential to occur in any dog (even in urban environments), can be life-threatening, and the vaccines are considered safe and efficacious, with recent improvements in safety over the last decade. Veterinary facilities have unique characteristics that warrant unique infection control considerations. These include vaccines for canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus (CAV), and rabies. 24 h anemia, platelet & factor replacement Packed red cells 6 to 10 ml/kg q. Veterinary professionals perform a critical public health function and resuming regular and preventive animal care is an important step in New York's recovery from COVID-19. Avoid taking the pet to human healthcare facilities, schools, dog parks, parks, groomers, and pet daycares, pet stores, boarding facilities, or similar places until the animal is cleared to resume normal activities. This website is designed to address this need. Found insideSpecific regulations for veterinary compounding outside of the USA are described for only a few countries. The Pharmacy Board of Australia has provided comprehensive guidelines for compounding of medicine (Pharmacy Board of Australia ... Compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. The FIP vaccine is an intranasal modified live virus product. AVMA Council on Biologic and Therapeutic Agents' report on cat and dog vaccines. A booster is required one year later, and thereafter, rabies vaccination should be performed every 3 years using a vaccine approved for 3-year administration. These are vaccines for canine coronavirus, canine adenovirus-1, and rattlesnake envenomation. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. September 2021. The UC Davis VMTH does not stock or routinely recommend use of these vaccines. The Guidelines and Position Statement Documents Click on the buttons below to download a pdf document with the corresponding information. 2. The clinical spectrum of illness for the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains largely undefined in animals. Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology (June 2017). Summits & symposiums Attend topical CE meetings on subjects including animal welfare, wellbeing, economics, and public policy. Found inside – Page 113Requirements for risk analysis and experiences gained from risk analysis work in Europe and the US Preben Willeberg–DVM, PhD, Dr.Vet.Sc, Dr. Vet. Sch.c, Dipl. ECVPH, Senior Veterinary Global Health Specialist, Centerfor Animal Disease ... If a pet owner is suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19 and must bring their pet to the clinic, the following actions should be taken: Communicate via phone call or video chat to maintain social distancing. Previous vaccination does not prevent infection, and the significance of a positive test result in a vaccinated cat cannot be assessed. 83. Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. 229: 1405-1441 (also http://www.aafponline.org/resources/practice_guidelines.htm), American Association of Feline Practitioners: 2000 Feline Vaccination Guidelines. Notify the local health department of the potential exposure as well. Visit the Internal Medicine Service website Introduction The UC Davis veterinary hospital vaccination guidelines below have been based on published studies and recommendations made by task forces. The goal of these guidelines is to help the veterinary healthcare team and pet owners ensure that dogs and cats are on an optimal nutrition plan tailored to the needs of the individual dog or cat. 221(10):1401-1407, Klingborg DJ, Hustead DR, Curry-Galvin EA et al 2001. There is no guarantee of filtration efficiency with a reusable/washable mask. Veterinarians and veterinary staff should follow appropriate PPE guidance when providing care to sick, test positive companion animals. Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. Cats are important in the epidemiology of rabies in the US. If travel to endemic areas (ie the east coast) is anticipated, vaccination could be considered, followed by boosters at intervals in line with risk of exposure. AAFP Practice Guidelines. At this time, there is no evidence that companion animals play a significant role in spreading the virus that causes COVID-19, but there are other zoonotic diseases that can spread between animal and people, so it is always a good idea to practice. For dogs older than 16 weeks of age, two doses of vaccine containing modified live virus (MLV) CPV, CDV, and CAV-2 given 3-4 weeks apart are recommended. Compounding is the customized manipulation of an approved drug(s) by either a veterinarian, or by a pharmacist upon the prescription of a veterinarian, to meet the . Clinical signs more likely to be compatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection in mammalian animals may include a combination of the following: Given current limitations in knowledge regarding COVID-19 and companion animals, these PPE guidelines use a cautious approach. If possible, the pet should use a litterbox or bathroom that is separate from other animals. The standards include equipment, formularies, wellness packages, clinical operations, and medical guidelines. Because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it’s always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals. Australian Veterinary Association GUIDELINES FOR PRESCRIBING, AUTHORISING AND DISPENSING VETERINARY MEDICINES 1 Introduction An important aspect in the delivery of professional veterinary services is the availability and use of a wide range of effective veterinary medicines. These guidelines are Doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.017, The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline Vaccine Advisory Panel Report. Canine influenza virus H3N8 emerged in the United States in greyhounds in Florida in 2003. Being within approximately 6 feet (2 meters) of a person with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 starting from 2 days before the person’s illness onset (or, for asymptomatic human patients, 2 days before positive specimen collection) until the time the person is isolated. indoor vs outdoor pets, travel plans, kennel/boarding plans, and underlying disease conditions such as immune-mediated diseases or pre-existing infections such as FIV infection. All articles are peer reviewed. Note: However, critical workers, like veterinarians and their staff, can be permitted to continue to work following a potential exposure to COVID-19, provided they remain asymptomatic and additional precautions are implemented to protect them and the workplace. Most boarding kennels require that this vaccine be given within 6 months of boarding; the vaccine should be administered at least one week prior to the anticipated boarding date for maximum effect. Found inside – Page 350Animal movements not associated with control areas will still require a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI) signed by an accredited veterinarian, and may be subject to additional requirements as defined by the receiving state; ... Several of the diseases involved are often self-limiting or respond readily to treatment. Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals must be reported by USDA to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).external icon. Informing pet owners on what is known about companion animals and SARS-CoV-2 is important to help them stay safe and healthy around their pets. Note that recommendations for killed parvovirus vaccines and recombinant CDV vaccines are different from the above. Scientific guidelines. Vaccination against CPV therefore protects puppies from disease following challenge with both canine enteric coronavirus and CPV. Clinical signs thought to be compatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals include fever, coughing, difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, lethargy, sneezing, nasal/ocular discharge, vomiting, and diarrhea. Scheduling drop-off appointments or receiving companion animals from their owners’ vehicles (also called curbside). The FIV vaccine was an inactivated, adjuvented dual subtype vaccine that was released in July 2002. Such guidelines can be directly used or form the basis of hospital-level antimicrobial use guidelines. In people, the disease caused by the virus is called Coronavirus Disease 2019, or COVID-19. 1. There is a separate room where the pet can continue to recover without sharing immediate space with other pets and people, including. These guidelines are a compilation of evidence-based prescribing recommendations for antimicrobial drugs regularly used by OSU-VMC clinicians in each of the three hospitals within the VMC (companion animals, farm animals and equine). Found inside – Page 35Volume 9B provides a wealth of information on matters relating to veterinary pharmacovigilance. However, there are also several Guidelines available in the veterinary section of the EMA's website under Pharmacovigilance. Several affected dogs have recently (December 2017/January 2018) been identified in the south bay area in Northern California. Staff who are sick or who test positive for COVID-19 should, Staff who have been exposed to someone with COVID-19 should, Using professional judgement when determining whether. Do not let pets interact with people outside your household. They are designed for source control of droplets being emitted by the wearer. Owners of vaccinated dogs must still seek veterinary care immediately in the event of a bite, because 1) the type of snake is often unknown; 2) antibody titers may be overwhelmed in the face of severe envenomation, and 3) an individual dog may lack sufficient protection depending on its response to the vaccine and the time elapsed since vaccination. If there is a sick person in the home, ask the sick person(s) to confine themselves to another room in the house if possible. Guidelines for Listing of Animal Feed Toll Millers & Requirments for the Toll Milling Facility (Renewal) Veterinary. Forms and Guidelines. 8 to 12 h platelet dysfunction, thrombocytopenia Fresh and fresh frozen plasma 6 to 12 ml/kg q. Direct the pet owner and patient to a single exam room or isolation room. Veterinary professionals passionate about the care of cats. Single use nitrile and latex gloves should never be reused. �9�Q�I�o��@cz��_mqe4Qʴ�w�����8��k[�-ű�����F�7�����3c�VB+/0��1�1&�A+�5)����1��l�_��7�/����cL��=cx��'�vf����;[�k�QF���}1d��u�+_�����H� ������β~��y��8Ќg��^����kK!= �qJZ�}����/~�,�I�K�:�S5Y�_��,��&�����?�>������e�C����=�=גv�jA�|�F!��������.�×_� �\��O�?�א�C>~�����,&fc���>�}&�\���+�%�x"{{�*�����Rߤ�.��.��g)���NK�AW�]�i �,!��m�]3G&9`&{ȍ��rn̬tbf�hf�f�h�;�随D�{�K3st9/��Ƀ�̴hf�f�h��,�f&�1���3كN�$�&Y4ɢI~4�H0:�\=����rn��tf�E�,�d�,~4i$�&%yi&e���L"z�qc�0c��H#�ʁ0{ȍ}�rn�t�I�c�c�.x����i�Ù����G�.���U���||[�54��`��v����V�nۯ����q��W}��Oz�y��e&���|O�q*Ax#�@w���!/S�*�%�:���ĺ�":�2�v6���>�+ټ'2���-w$�iB� ��[��e�X���ҏ� �4��z�����h�V{�I. 212:227-241, What You Should Know About Vaccination: a client brochure that emphasizes the importance of vaccines while explaining the factors veterinarians consider when making customized vaccine recommendations. Guidelines for compounding of approved new animal and approved human drugs in all animals: Compounding from FDA-approved drugs is considered extralabel drug use under FDA rules. The UC Davis VMTH drug room did not stock this vaccine, and its routine use in indoor cats is not recommended. Veterinary Procedures and/or Examinations The protection of animal health and well-being is critical not only to animals, but their owner(s). For these reasons, the UC Davis VMTH does not recommend routine vaccination of pet cats for Bordetella bronchiseptica. Where possible, only animals being evaluated and treated for SARS-CoV-2 should be housed in this isolation space. Additionally, there may be an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth, among pregnant people with COVID-19. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and CDC recently reported confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2 in two pet cats with mild respiratory illness in New York, which were the first confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in companion animals in the United States. Do not put masks on pets. The incidence of Lyme disease in California is currently considered extremely low. Therefore, we suggest annual vaccination of all dogs with vaccines containing all four Leptospira serovars (Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae). Vaccinations and Anti-Parasitic Treatments . Found insideTo become an entrylevel expert, also referred to as a specialist, one must meet demanding standards set by the American Veterinary Board of Specialists (ABVS), a registered arm of the AVMA. Becoming an entrylevel expert in a specialty ... The vaccine could be considered for young cats at high risk of exposure in large, multiple cat environments. 2005. Found inside – Page 7We are often faced with decisions that alter the course of our recommendations because the client does not wish to pursue our medical or surgical recommendations. Veterinarians are often asked What alternative therapies are available ...
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